Lesson 7 - TCP/IP and Related Protocols

Many network technologies are built to use IP as a lower-level supporting technology. TCP/IP is the perhaps the best well-known of these, but UDP, FTP, HTTP, and many other network protocols also have Internet Protocol as their foundation. Understanding how these protocols fit together is essential.

TCP/IP and Related Protocols

What is TCP/IP? TCP is technically a separate protocol from IP, but the two are used together almost universally, so TCP is more generally known as TCP/IP. TCP is the most common higher-level protocol used in conjunction with IP.

Introduction to UDP UDP is the main alternative to TCP/IP. UDP is a simpler network protocol than TCP with its own pros and cons. UDP is only sometimes called "UDP/IP."

FTP FTP is a very popular client/server system that is built using TCP/IP. FTP is also the name of the network protocol that FTP clients and servers use to communicate with each other.

Vocabulary

protocol A technical definition of Internet network protocols.

HTTP HTTP is the IP-based protocol that Web browsers and Web servers use to communicate.

Additional Reading

More about FTP clients, servers and tools Find the best FTP client, server and utility software for your computer.

"TCP/IP Clearly Explained" This review summarizes a good book that explains TCP/IP technology in great detail.

Lesson 6 - IP and Hardware Addressing

From lokesh sharma, your Guide to Wireless / Networking Today we will cover the relationship between Internet Protocol and hardware addresses. Just like DNS and other technologies manage the relationship between IP addresses and names, some other technologies manage the relationship between IP addresses and the computer hardware.

IP and Hardware Addressing

Introduction to MAC Addressing MAC is the numeric address of a network adapter, also called the "hardware" or "physical" address. Both MAC addressing and IP addressing must work together on a computer network for it to function properly. Read all three pages of this article to learn what MAC addresses look like, how to find the MAC address of your computer, and how to change or "clone" MAC addresses.

Introduction to winipcfg The 'winipcfg' utility on Windows computers (introduced in a previous lesson) doesn't only work with IP addresses. It also displays the subnet mask and the MAC address for a computer. This page illustrates with screen captures.

Vocabulary

ARP ARP is the protocol that actually converts IP addresses to MAC addresses. This page explains what "ARP" stands for and how it works.

NAT NAT is a technology that translates IP addresses. Whereas ARP translates IP addresses to MAC addresses, NAT translates IP addresses to other IP addresses. NAT is a common feature on home broadband routers.

Additional Reading

Home broadband routers Broadband routers greatly simply the process of setting up an Internet Protocol home network. Many models contain built-in DHCP server, NAT and MAC address cloning.

This email is written by: lokesh sharma

Lesson 5 - IP Subnetting

From lokesh sharma, your Guide to Wireless / Networking This lesson explains subnetting in the Internet Protocol. A subnet is a way to logically group networked IP devices. After completing this lesson, you should be able to explain the benefits of subnetting how to subnet an IP network.

Fundamentals of IP Subnetting

Subnet defined This overview of subnetting defines "subnet" in IP and explains the its benefits.

Subnetting tutorial - page 1 The first part of our IP subnetting tutorial describes the network (subnet) mask and how to apply a mask to an IP address.

Subnetting tutorial - page 2 The second part of our IP subnetting tutorial explains more about the practice of subnetting IP networks.

Vocabulary

router Routers connect two IP subnets together.

CIDR CIDR is a technology that routers use to manage IP addresses on the Internet. CIDR complements traditional subnetting and is sometimes called "supernetting."

Additional Reading

CIDR Tutorial This page illustrates CIDR notation and more about how CIDR works.

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Lesson 4 - The IP Address Space

From lokesh sharma, your Guide to Wireless / Networking Our next lesson in Internet Protocol technology digs deeper into the IP address space. IP addresses are divided into groups based on their value, and some IP addresses have special meanings in computer networking. After completing this lesson, you should understand which IP addresses are special ones, and why IP address classes and network numbers are used to help organize the IP address space.

The IP Address Space

IP Address Classes This page explains how all IP addresses (called the IP "address space") are subdivided into five ranges called "classes." This class system determined the range of IP address numbers that many corporations and schools use today. Also, the way computers work with subnets is based in part on these classes. Your assignment: Read this one page and understand the five IP address classes.

IP Special and Private Addresses Not all IP address numbers work the same, even within a given address class. This page explains which addresses are special cases that must be studied separately. Your assignment: Read this one page and understand which IP addresses are special, and why.

IP Network Numbering IP addresses have two parts - a network number, and a host address on that network. This page explains how the two-part IP addressing system works and why it is a good thing. Your assignment: Read this one page to learn about how network numbers and default network masks relate to the IP address classes.

Vocabulary

LAN All computers on a LAN must have unique IP addresses. Most networked homes only have one LAN, but schools and businesses often build many LANs.

WLAN Mainstream wireless LANs all use IP addressing.

Intranet Intranets generally use IP addresses in one of the private ranges.

Additional Reading

What is peer-to-peer networking? In IP peer-to-peer networks, two computers communicate with each other by having knowledge of each other's IP address.

This email is written by: lokesh sharma

Lesson 3 - Network Naming for IP

From lokesh sharma, your Guide to Wireless / Networking This lesson exposes you to the concept of network naming systems for Internet Protocol. While computers prefer to work with numbers when addressing network devices, humans prefer to work with names. After completing this lesson, you will be aware of the technologies that maintain names for computer IP addresses.

Network Naming for IP Addresses

Introduction to DNS DNS is the standard naming system for the Internet. DNS allows names to be assigned to IP addresses; for example, DNS converts Web domain names into the IP addresses of Web servers. DNS is designed to work only with static IP addresses. Your assignment: Read this one page to understand the basic concepts and terminology of DNS.

WINS WINS is a naming service for Windows networks. Unlike DNS, WINS works with both static and dynamic IP addresses. Your assignment: Memorize what WINS stands for and understand the differences between WINS and DNS.

Introduction to Ping Ping is a utility program available on nearly every kind of computer in use today. Ping lets you send simple network messages to a remote computer, either by IP address or by network name. Your assignment: Find the ping command on your computer and try using it on Internet Web sites or remote computers on your LAN.

Vocabulary

DDNS DDNS is a method for making DNS work with dynamic IP addresses. Many folks use DDNS to host Web sites at their home when their ISP cannot provide a static IP address.

IANA The IANA group is responsible for allocating IP addresses to ISPs, and they also manage a portion of the Internet DNS name space.

ICMP ICMP is a control protocol that is an essential part of Internet Protocol.

Additional Reading

Ping of Death The Ping of Death technique uses Ping technology to attack computers through their IP address!

This email is written by: lokesh sharma

Internet Protocol 101 - IP Networking Fundamentals

Lesson 2 - Static and Dynamic IP Addressing From lokesh sharma, your Guide to Wireless / Networking This lesson introduces you to the concepts of static and dynamic IP addressing. IP addresses can be set on a computer either statically or dynamically. Each method has pros and cons and must be managed differently. After completing this lesson, you should understand the differences between static and dynamic IP addressing.

About Dynamic Addressing

DHCP DHCP is the standard technology used to assign dynamic IP addresses. When setting up dynamic IP addressing on Windows or other operating systems, the "DHCP option" must be enabled. DHCP is technically a separate network protocol from IP. Your assignment: Memorize what the DHCP acronym stands for. On your computer, see if you can find where the DHCP option is located.

Releasing and Renewing IP Addresses

Windows 98, Windows 98 and Windows ME This page explains step-by-step how to renew a dynamic IP address on a computer that uses Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows ME. Your assignment: Learn the the Windows command that allows dynamic IP addresses to be renewed. If you have a networked computer that runs one of these operating systems and has a dynamic IP address, follow these instructions to renew it.

Windows XP, Windows 2000, and Windows NT This page explains step-by-step how to renew a dynamic IP address on a computer that uses Windows XP, Windows 2000, or Windows NT. Your assignment: Learn about another Windows command that allows dynamic IP addresses to be renewed. If you have a networked computer that runs one of these operating systems and has a dynamic IP address, follow these instructions to renew it.

Vocabulary

APIPA On Windows computers, APIPA works together with DHCP to assign dynamic IP addresses.

ISP ISPs generally assign dynamic IP address to their customers. You can sometimes request static IP addressing from your ISP, at an extra cost.

Additional Reading

Windows Internet Connection Sharing Windows ICS allows you to set up one of your computers as a DHCP server, and your other computers to use dynamic private IP addressing managed by the server.

This email is written by: lokesh sharma

Lesson 1 - IP Address Notation

From LOKESH SHARMA, your Guide to Wireless / Networking The first lesson in our IP course covers the topic of Internet Protocol (IP) address notation. IP addresses are used not only on the Internet, but also on corporate, home or school networks. After completing this lesson, you should understand what an IP address looks like and how to find the IP address (or addresses) a computer is using.

About IP Address Notation

What IP addresses look like Most computers and networks use a kind of IP address called the "IPv4" addresses. Some school networks and a few research corporations are beginning to switch over to the "IPv6" addressing system. Someday, we all will be using IPv6, but for now, most of us can concentrate on just the IPv4 system. It's good to be aware that both kinds exist. Your assignment: Read page 1 of this article. (We will break down the other material in future lessons.)     Finding IP Addresses Windows 98, Windows 98 and Windows ME This page explains step-by-step how to find the IP address on a computer that uses Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows ME. Your assignment: Read this to learn the name of the Windows command that helps identify IP addresses. If you have a networked computer that runs one of these operating systems, practice following these instructions to get that computer's IP address. Windows XP, Windows 2000, and Windows NT This page explains step-by-step how to find the IP address on a computer that uses Windows XP, Windows 2000, or Windows NT. Your assignment: Read this to learn the name of another (different) Windows command that helps identify IP addresses. If you have a networked computer that runs one of these operating systems, follow these instructions to get that computer's IP address. Vocabulary Bits and bytes Computer networks "see" IP addresses in the form of bits and bytes. Octet An octet is technically not the same as a byte. Additional Reading Who invented Internet Protocol? Learn about the engineers who created Internet Protocol. This email is written by: LOKESH SHARMA

Use Kaspersky without a key

Kaspersky is one of the world,s best antiviruses,but unfortunately its full version is not availible,there are many keys availible online but believe me these are only to waste your time,Your all efforts will end in smoke.
I am posting here a method to use kaspersky antivirus without a key (Temp. sol. if ur key is not Valid)



Just follow the steps:

you need to back up first in case any thing goes wrong

1.( Run ) type ( regedit ) press ( OK ).

1- Go To ( HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREKasperskyLabAVP6Data ) & right click on ( Data ) & choose ( Permissions ).

2- choose ( Advanced ) From The ( Permissions For Data ) ... a new window will open.

3- On ( Advanced Security Settings for Data ) window .. look for ( Inherit from parent ... ) click on the nike or check mark to remove or uncheck it.

4- After removing the check or nike mark u will get a new message .. choose ( Remove ).

5- On ( Advanced security Settings for Data ) click on ( Apply ).

6- choose ( Yes ) for the new message that u will get.

7- Press ( OK ) on ( Advanced security Settings for Data ).

8- Press ( OK ) on ( Permissions For Data ).

9- Exit KasperSky & restart it again.

Window hacking

:: XP Hacking With Windows XP ::

Want to hack Windows XP login password

Preventing Windows From Shutting Down

Folder Options missing

How to Trace Any IP Address

Proxy Servers and Anonymizers

Locking your files in windows 

Denial Of Service Attack

Chat without Yahoo Messenger or Gtalk

Hide IP Address Real ways to hide your IP

Hacking Yahoo Messenger

Hack BSNL Broadband for Speed

Netbios Hacking

Preventing Windows From Shutting Down 

How To Make A Shutdown Timer 

Set Processes Priority 

Speed Up Ur Shut down !! 

Hide your folders disguise them to "Recycle Bin" 

Lock pc just by double clicking mouse

Auto Delete temporary folder 

Registry trick

Display Your Quick Launch Toolbar Tip:

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Unlock Toolbars to Customize Them Tip:

Want to remove shared documents folder from my computer window tip:

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Do you know you can have Virtual Desktops (like in Linux) with PowerToys

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Windows XP Shutdown and Power Off Tip

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Having problems with Outlook Express ? Does it ask for password every time you connect tip:

How to avoid auto play of CD? Way I like best tip.

This tip to speed up the Start Menu in Windows XP. Did you know you can customize the speed of the Start Menu by editing a Registry Key.

Customizing Windows Explorer Context menu (right click menu in windows explorer)

Internet trick

Internet Error codes and Meaning

Easily access and manage Google Bookmarks in Chrome

SHAKE THE FIREFOX AND INTERNET EXPLORER

Google trick for free song ,videos etc downloads

GET THE SERIAL NUMBER WITH GOOGLE

Speed up your internet by 20%!

Change Yahoo messenger title bar

Enable Right Clicks on The Sites Dat Disable it